Should I use Line Of Sight(LOS) or Angle Modified Ranging(AMR) when using an App or Ballistic Calculator?
The quick answer to this question is that you should be using Line Of Sight (LOS) and the Angle to the target as the input.
Many modern laser range finders consist of different modes for ranging targets. Two of these common modes are Line of Sight (LOS) and Angle Modified Ranging (AMR). Essentially LOS is the true distance between the observer and the target while AMR is a modified distance accounting for angle. The Applied Ballistics Engine does more than simply co-sign the angle when adjusting the firing solution for angled shots. The AB Engine accounts for the change in atmospherics with higher or lower elevation. The AB Engine also accounts for things like changes in drag and gravity in relation to the trajectory and more. When using an Applied Ballistics based product it is always best to use Line of Sight for the range input and the angle to the target, not an Angle Modified Range (AMR).
What is GPS vs Galileo vs GLONASS and WAAS?
Garmin Foretrex® 701 with Applied Ballistics® LLC features GPS, GLONASS, & Galileo. It also features WAAS and Ultratrac. But what does all that mean? Today, we answer this question for you.
GPS – GPS is an acronym for Global Positioning System, which is an array of 32 satellites. When you use a GPS receiver, the known variable is where the satellites are, but not where you are...
Galileo – This is similar to GPS, except that it is owned and operated by the European Union and European Space Agency...
GLONASS – This was developed as a Russian alternative to GPS.
What does this mean in layman's terms? GPS, Galileo, & GLONASS are different systems that perform the same function. Think of it like Chevy, Ford, & Dodge. All of them build trucks, just to slightly different standards. GPS with WAAS is the highest standard of accuracy. By utilizing more than one system at a time (checking your math, as your 3rd grade teacher used to make you do) you can improve the accuracy of your location measurement. But what about WAAS?
WAAS – WAAS performs an integrity check on the GPS system and provides corrections to the individual satellites in 5-second intervals. Essentially, WAAS provides location corrections for the satellites locations to the user, which gives you a higher resolution location measurement by providing the error of each satellites location.
Ultratrac – Finally, we come to one last feature in devices like the Garmins:: Ultratrac. Ultratrac is a GPS feature that records fewer points of location. By utilizing the GPS feature less often, you can more than double the battery life of the unit. Use Ultratrac when you really don’t need as accurate position/speed tracking.
Barometric Pressure vs Station Pressure
Barometric pressure is also known as sea level corrected pressure, and is what the weather station and airports report because it’s useful for pilots and making weather assessments. Barometric pressure is not the actual air pressure where you are, rather it’s a number that’s corrected to sea level. In order to determine the actual air pressure where you are (which is what the ballistics program cares about), you have to account for the effects of altitude. However if you have a handheld weather meter like a Kestrel, you can measure Station Pressure directly which is the actual air pressure where you are. This is the preferred method of inputting pressure data because it’s one less input and relies on only one measurement instead of two.
A common error is to mistake station pressure for barometric or vice versa. The consequence of this error is that the wrong air density gets applied which degrades the accuracy of trajectory predictions. This error is increasingly more severe the higher up you are above sea level.
If you have a device that only reads “Barometric Pressure”: If you wish to know the actual or station pressure for your location (such as for engine tuning), simply set the reference altitude on the BARO screen to “0”.
Engine tuning and ballistics software sometimes refer to atmospheric or station pressure as “absolute pressure.” These applications are concerned with the actual air density, as opposed to pressure gradients relating to weather, so barometric pressure is less useful.”
Managing Muzzle Velocity & MV Variation
As a refresher here are a couple bullet points before we get started:
1. Chronographs measure velocity at their location, not Muzzle Velocity. Muzzle Velocity needs to be properly calculated using the bullet's BC, and atmospheric information. To read more on this see here: Velocity Decay Article.
2. You should have at least 3 data points from your current lot of powder that are 25 Deg/F (14 Deg/C) apart. It is always best to have data points for the coldest, and warmest points that you normally shoot in.
3. Powder Temperature Sensitivity is non-linear, and will be more stable at certain temperatures than at others. No two powders will act the same. Even the same powder of different lots can react differently to temperature changes.
The software, apps, and devices use a MV-Temp Table. This is a very simple feature to use. You simply input the Calculated Muzzle Velocity (remember chronographs measure velocity at its location, not MV) and the temperature at the time you tested it. For example, let’s use 3000 fps @ 100 deg/F, 2985 fps @ 70 deg/F, 2968 fps @ 40 deg/F & 2950 fps @ 10 deg/F. You would input this data like this:
100 deg/F (37.8 deg/C) – 3000 fps (914.4 m/s)
70 deg/F (21.1 deg/C) – 2985 fps (909.8 m/s)
40 deg/F (4.4 deg/C) – 2968 fps (904.7 m/s)
10 deg/F (-12.2 deg/C) – 2950 fps (899.2 m/s)
Side Note: When using the MV-Temp table, you will not be able to adjust muzzle velocity on your device. This is by design. The MV-Temp table is calibrating the MV based on the current temperature. If you want to be able to adjust this, then you need to turn the Temp-Table off. If you want to do a MV Calibration, on the device then you must hand input that variable into the table, or turn the table off. Doing a MV Calibration and trying to save, will not change the MV.
Sorting Temp-Table Inputs – Temperatures should be input from hottest to coldest in the MV-Temp Table.
Recommended Ballistic Calibration Distance is Too Far.
Another topic that gets brought up a lot is the ability to shoot the ranges needed to do a Ballistics Calibration. Do note, Ballistics Calibration, for the best results, should be done ONLY at long range. More specifically Long Range in regards to the caliber, or Mach 1.2-0.9...
• AB Quanum App: You will be able to input ranges outside the recommended ranges, however it might cause problems due to both error reporting which is covered in the Ballistic Calibration Article, and the limited distance between points.
When do I use MV Calibration, DSF Calibration, or CDF Calibration?
The DSF Calibration will only allow subsonic calibrations, but the CDF tool will allow you to calibrate at any distance. The MV Calibration will also allow a calibration at any distance (however you should always use the recommended ranges where possible). So when should you use which one?
• The software, apps, and devices use a MV-Temp Table. This is a very simple feature to use. You simply input the Calculated Muzzle Velocity (remember chronographs measure velocity at its location, not MV) and the temperature at the time you tested it. For example, let’s use 3000 fps @ 100 deg/F, 2985 fps @ 70 deg/F, 2968 fps @ 40 deg/F & 2950 fps @ 10 deg/F. You would input this data like this:
• You should perform an MV Calibration if you do not have a RADAR Chronograph like the Garmin Xero.
• You should perform a DSF Calibration if you are NOT using a bullet from the AB Library.
You should perform a CDF Calibration if you DO have a Doppler Chronograph, Are using a bullet from the AB Library, and you HAVE performed a Tall Target Test.
If you cannot shoot far enough to perform a DSF calibration, but you have a RADAR Chronograph, then you should perform a Tall Target Test, use a Custom Drag Model (CDM) and use the CDF Calibration tool where possible.
If you cannot use a CDM and perform a Turret Calibration (Tall Target Test) but also cannot shoot far enough to use a DSF then you should perform a MV Calibration.
Read more
here.
I have the Point Mass Solver that came with the book, how can I get this working on my mobile device?
The PM Solver cannot be transferred to a mobile device. It will only run on a PC, or on a Windows Mobile device running an OS similar to or newer than Windows 7.
When you encounter AB Software designed to run on a Computer, which is not compatible on mobile devices. You may run that software on netbooks which have become more and more mobile, including 2 in 1 devices where the keyboard will disconnect becoming a tablet. It is possible to run this software on a 2 in 1 platform as long as it contains a full version of Windows 10 such as the Nextbook Flexx and Asus Transformer Books or Windows Surface Tablets. You must make sure it has windows 10 home or greater and NOT windows mobile in order for it to work. It is also important that the device has a USB Port. Not all netbooks come with USB ports on them so please check your device or device you are purchasing for this first.
My barrel twist rate is lower than the optimum recommended, will this be a problem?
No. As long as your Stability Gradient (Gyroscopic Stability) factor is above 1.05. Note the formula has an accuracy to +/- 0.1 SG. Numbers below 1.05 will lose both Accuracy and Performance, and most likely tumble. Numbers between 1.05 and 1.45 will have a lower BC but retain Accuracy. Stability levels above 1.5 for lead core and 2.0 for solid copper bullets will have optimum Accuracy and BC. For every 0.1 SG you drop below 1.5 you will have an average of 3% BC loss. This number is better and worse for certain bullets. But for example, if you calculate out to a 1.3 SG then you can expect an average BC equivalence loss of 6%. On the other side, over spinning a bullet is a bit of a myth. So if your barrel twist rate is far faster than recommended, you only need to make sure you account for the added spin drift.
I am shooting a plastic tipped bullet, will the stability calculator still work?
Yes, the stability calculator is accurate for tipped as well as non-tipped bullets.
I am shooting a tipped bullet. Should I measure without the tip?
No, you should include the tip in your measurements. The correct way to measure a plastic or other tipped bullet is to measure the entire bullet length including the tip.
My barrel twist rate is lower than the optimum recommended, will this be a problem?
Nothing is wrong here. A number of reasons can cause this but the most common is a phenomenon called Aerodynamic Jump is causing this. When a direct crosswind makes contact with the bullet as it is leaving the barrel, it causes a slight and permanent shift in the trajectory. This can be seen by setting your wind speed to 0 or setting your wind direction to 12 or 6 o’clock. You will see your zero has returned to your zero range. This is covered in full detail in Applied Ballistics for Long Range Shooting 3rd Edition, Chapter 5.
The most common reason for this are:
1) Aerodynamic Jump
2) Wind variables
3) MV-Temp Tables
4) Zero Height/Offset
5) Zero Atmospheric Data was input.
6) Zero is at 100 yards when shooting at 100 meters or vice versa.
7) Target inclination. (Uphill or Downhill angle).
8) You are using a DSF Table.
How important is inputting zero atmosphere?
For a 100 yard zero you DO NOT need to worry about atmospherics. This is for long range zeros (example 300 yards). If you zero at 100 yards, your zero is good for all altitudes and conditions. Just be mindful of Aerodynamic Jumps impact on your zero.
I am using two different apps, and my firing solution is 1/2/3 moa off, can you help me please?
The biggest culprit here comes from 1 of 4 different places.
• BC: Sometimes users will select to use a G7 BC, or switch BCs but the number doesn’t actually change. Make sure you verify not only that you have selected the correct drag standard (G1 or G7), but that it is an appropriate number. If you are running a 6.5 Creedmoor, and have a BC of around .600 yet you have selected G7 form factor, this is incorrect.
• MV: Sometimes users do not have the correct muzzle velocity input (this can be due to change in weather), but it can also be due to using MV Variation (Or Temp Table) incorrectly. We have detailed information on how to use this feature in the AB Mobile Guide on the App Page. Your input for fps/degree should be between zero and two; any higher and you’re going to be off.
• Turret Tracking: This tends to throw people off for a number of reasons. First off, some users don’t know to even check this. Remember it’s a mechanic adjustment that is subject not only to wear, but defects. Secondly some users don’t know how to input it correctly. If you have the Kestrel, you simply correct your MV for this. You can find out more in the Ballistics Calibration Article in the Articles. If you are using the AB Mobile app, you are entering a correction FACTOR. Meaning that number is going to multiplied by something. So if you change that 1 to a 0, you are in for a world of hurt. The AB Mobile guide on the resource page tells you how to properly use this number, on top of the turret tracking test document you can download which has the formulas and setup for this test.
• Segmented BCs: You should always double check and make sure that the segmented BCs are in order. If they do not follow in order for velocity, it can cause firing solution errors.
Should I use a G1 or G7 form factor?
You should be using a Custom Drag Model, which is neither a G1 nor a G7. It is actually a representation of the actual bullet model against itself. CDMs (Custom Drag Models) ARE NOT G7 curves or segmented BC’s. However if you are going to use a G1 or G7, use a G1 when it’s a flat base bullet like the 22LR and 40 gr FB Varmint, use a G7 when it’s a boat tailed like the .308 185 gr Juggernaut and .243 105 gr Hybrid. You can read more about this
here.
I have a gain twist barrel, or I plan on getting a gain twist barrel, how do I input this/what twist rate should I get?
The important thing with gain twist is that the muzzle exit twist needs to be the twist required to stabilize the bullet (or faster). So as a ballistics program input, if it’s a 1:10-8” gain, you would use 8.
Where do I measure from to do a Tall Target Test?
From the Turrets. You need to be measuring from the target to the turrets with a 100 yard or meter tape measure. Do not rely on a Laser Range Finder.
Read more about tall target testing
here.
What is the Custom Drag Factor? (CDF)